高考題的訓(xùn)練如果拿到高分,是必須建立在一定量的閱讀和技能訓(xùn)練上的。但我們教師平時(shí)經(jīng)常會(huì)遇到這種:我高一學(xué)生甚至小學(xué)六年級(jí)學(xué)生做2023年高考題只錯(cuò)了一題。這當(dāng)然是要表?yè)P(yáng)的,但大概率就是偶發(fā)性。譬如打高爾夫,沒有摸過兩次球桿的居然今天比頂級(jí)名家打的都好,那是不是說他是專家。當(dāng)然不是。另外,也有平時(shí)成績(jī)特別好的高一或高二學(xué)生做高考題突然失常,反而不如平時(shí)比他差的。這也是不足為怪的。
專業(yè)和業(yè)余的區(qū)別是:穩(wěn)定性。專業(yè)選手無(wú)論什么比賽,大概率情況下都會(huì)打出穩(wěn)定的水平,極少數(shù)情況下失常,但業(yè)余選手大概率情況下都是最低水平,極少數(shù)情況下湊巧是高手水平。而且更不用說在真實(shí)緊張的環(huán)境下的比賽,業(yè)余選手更是被秒成渣。這和在平時(shí)休閑無(wú)所謂情況下比賽完全不同。??
所以,在你沒有成為專業(yè)級(jí)的選手之前,你所有的訓(xùn)練都只是量的積累,任何一次成績(jī),無(wú)論高低,它都是為成為專業(yè)選手做鋪墊。
那么到底存不存在特例?
我認(rèn)為可能性有,但很稀缺。這存在的前提是:他必須有一定的母語(yǔ)閱讀量做積累。
語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)到了一定的層次,不再是單向發(fā)展,而是雙向互補(bǔ)的。就六級(jí)和和如今的高考題而言,推理能力是需要基于一定的閱讀思考積累的。人的大腦發(fā)育也是遵循一定的規(guī)律的。我女兒幼兒園的時(shí)候背誦了很多詩(shī)歌,但其實(shí)并不理解,某種意義上就是死記硬背。到了二年級(jí),才開始真正去理解詩(shī)歌了,而且還是從最基礎(chǔ)的開始。我認(rèn)為這就很符合腦神經(jīng)的發(fā)育規(guī)律。又譬如數(shù)學(xué),99%的孩子都是經(jīng)歷適合該年齡階段的理解思維,如果你超前搞輔導(dǎo),表面上看比別人成績(jī)優(yōu)秀了,但長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)看,我不認(rèn)為有什么好處。
一個(gè)小學(xué)生去思考高階思維的閱讀推理題,不是不可以,而是要看他平時(shí)的母語(yǔ)閱讀是不是跟上了這個(gè)節(jié)奏。如果平時(shí)閱讀的都是美文、漫畫類,我很難想象他做對(duì)了科普文和議論文的思辨題,是不是連蒙靠猜的,又或者是生搬硬套了一些做題技巧。
同理,一個(gè)學(xué)生進(jìn)入高中了,還沒有具備一定的閱讀理解的思辨能力,這也要反思母語(yǔ)閱讀上的欠缺了。如果還沒有具備,那就要在高一下點(diǎn)功夫了,這還是來(lái)得及的,當(dāng)然過程是比較熬人的。
為了具體說明何為思辨能力,思辨能力我又稱之為高階思維。
我以下面題目為例:
At its annual general assembly in Vienna last month, the European Geosciences Union (EGU) did something unusual. The chair of its awards committee, Thomas Blunier, presented a breakdown, by gender, of prize nominees (被提名者) and nominators (提名者) since 2014. The data were revealing. Although women make up 37% of the society’s members, they made just 20% of nominations, suggesting that women are less likely to nominate than men. The data also showed that people tend to favour their own gender when making nominations --- with men most likely to nominate other men.
This is clearly a problem, but awareness of the situation opens the door to fixing it. Although women are still under-represented in EGU nominations, their share of awards is now approaching their representation among EGU members, thanks to corrective measures taken by the organization’s awards committee. The EGU is distinct from most other scientific societies that do not make nomination data public, though it is necessary for the fairness among prizewinners.
32. What is the purpose of showing the data from the EGU?
A. To show the gender balance among its members.
B. To encourage females to nominate other females.
C. To reflect that women have been ignored in awards.
D. To reveal the significant impact from gender awareness.
這段我干脆翻譯一下:
上個(gè)月在維也納舉行的年度大會(huì)上,歐洲地球科學(xué)聯(lián)盟(EGU)做了一些不同尋常的事情。頒獎(jiǎng)委員會(huì)主席托馬斯·布魯尼爾(Thomas Blunier)按性別列出了獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)撸罕惶崦吆吞崦耍ㄗ?014年以來(lái)的)。這些數(shù)據(jù)很有啟發(fā)性。盡管女性占該協(xié)會(huì)成員的37%,但她們只獲得了20%的提名,這表明女性被提名的可能性低于男性。數(shù)據(jù)還顯示,人們?cè)谔崦麜r(shí)傾向于支持自己的性別,男性最有可能提名其他男性。
這顯然是一個(gè)問題,但對(duì)這一情況的認(rèn)識(shí)為解決這一問題打開了大門。盡管女性在EGU提名中的代表性仍然不足,但由于該組織獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)委員會(huì)采取了糾正措施,她們?cè)贓GU成員中所占的份額現(xiàn)在正接近她們的代表性。EGU與大多數(shù)其他不公開提名數(shù)據(jù)的科學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)不同,盡管這對(duì)于獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)咧g的公平性是必要的。
32.顯示EGU數(shù)據(jù)的目的是什么?
A.顯示其成員之間的性別平衡。
B.鼓勵(lì)女性提名其他女性。
C.反映出婦女在獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)中被忽視的情況。
D.揭示性別意識(shí)的重大影響。
這個(gè)題目翻譯成漢語(yǔ)后,還是有不少學(xué)生選錯(cuò),而他們都是理科非常聰明的學(xué)生。他們選了D,理由是第二段不都是談到了影響了嗎?
這個(gè)題目具有一定的推理性:
第一段是EGU的數(shù)據(jù),該數(shù)據(jù)非常客觀,沒有任何主觀看法在內(nèi),而其目的就需要帶有一定的主觀,很明顯數(shù)據(jù)凸顯了女性獲獎(jiǎng)提名少。
而第二段是該數(shù)據(jù)呈現(xiàn)后,帶來(lái)了一定的社會(huì)效應(yīng),迫使官方采取措施。但這到底是不是托馬斯·布魯尼爾的目的,我們不得而知。托馬斯·布魯尼爾在文中展示的就是讓大家意識(shí)到女性獲獎(jiǎng)的客觀情況。至于這種情況的披露到底會(huì)可能帶來(lái)什么社會(huì)效應(yīng),這不是托馬斯·布魯尼爾能掌控的了,至少?gòu)奈闹锌磥?lái)與他無(wú)關(guān)了。
這實(shí)際上就是歐美從小學(xué)一年級(jí)在語(yǔ)文教材里反復(fù)訓(xùn)練的:Fact VS Opinion。這說起來(lái)就是思辨活動(dòng)的基礎(chǔ),但我們的語(yǔ)文閱讀始終缺少這個(gè)訓(xùn)練。缺少這個(gè)訓(xùn)練的學(xué)生雖然偶然做對(duì)一個(gè)題,但并不代表他就具備了這個(gè)能力,這就需要專業(yè)的刻意訓(xùn)練了。
接下來(lái)再看今年高考D篇:
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren't always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won't cancel each other out.?In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people's estimates be independent. If, for whatever reasons, people's errors become correlate or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about?
A. The methods of estimation.
B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people's errors.
D. The design of Galton's experiment.
這題錯(cuò)誤比較多。其實(shí)它考查的歸納能力。歸納或演繹能力也是高階思維。
同樣我也把這個(gè)題目翻譯成漢語(yǔ):
這種效應(yīng)利用了這樣一個(gè)事實(shí),即當(dāng)人們犯錯(cuò)誤時(shí),這些錯(cuò)誤并不總是相同的。有些人會(huì)高估,有些人會(huì)低估。當(dāng)有足夠多的誤差被平均在一起時(shí),它們會(huì)相互抵消,從而產(chǎn)生更準(zhǔn)確的估計(jì)。如果人們相似,往往會(huì)犯同樣的錯(cuò)誤,那么他們的錯(cuò)誤不會(huì)相互抵消。從更專業(yè)的角度來(lái)說,群眾的智慧要求人們的估計(jì)是獨(dú)立的。無(wú)論出于何種原因,如果人們的錯(cuò)誤變得相關(guān)或依賴,估計(jì)的準(zhǔn)確性就會(huì)下降。
32.案文第2段的主要內(nèi)容是什么?
A.估算的方法。
B.效應(yīng)的基本邏輯。
C.人們錯(cuò)誤的原因。
D.高爾頓實(shí)驗(yàn)的設(shè)計(jì)。
這一段是典型的:主題句+支撐句。主題句說了上面的效應(yīng)的原因,接下來(lái)就是詳細(xì)解釋。而logic實(shí)際上就是cause的另一種說法。
如何用一個(gè)或兩個(gè)詞歸納大意,這是需要專門訓(xùn)練的,C篇的31題也是這個(gè)考查這個(gè)能力:
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培養(yǎng)) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters. I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (獨(dú)處) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spent on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.
31. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two ?
A. Use them as needed. ?????? ?????? B. Recommend them to friends.
C. Evaluate their effects.? ?????? ?????? ?D. Identify the ideas behind them.
命題人把You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.(你可以將這些實(shí)踐視為一個(gè)工具箱,旨在幫助你建立一種適合你特定情況的極簡(jiǎn)主義生活方式。)歸納成:Use them as needed.(必要時(shí)使用它們。)平時(shí)不常進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練的,是比較難以理解的。
最后說一下今年這個(gè)題目:
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (細(xì)菌)? Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals? With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.
The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge.
25. Why did John put the sludge into the tanks?
A. To feed the animals.?????? ?????? B. To build an ecosystem.
C. To protect the plants.?????? ?????? D. To test the eco-machine.
這個(gè)題目也有不少學(xué)生做錯(cuò)了,他們選了B。表面看起來(lái)似乎沒問題,因?yàn)榈诙尉褪钦f具體的建構(gòu)步驟。但他忽略了上一段的邏輯:
為了探究能否:clean up waste the way nature did,他于是搞了一個(gè)模型:eco-machine。做這個(gè)模型:First,...Then,...Little by little,...After a few weeks, John added the sludge.至此,我們可以看出做這個(gè)模型的每一步都是為了看他的eco-machine如何。
這是比較簡(jiǎn)單的因果邏輯測(cè)試。脫離上下文單純看第二段,是不容易看到因果的。
總結(jié)一下今天講到的三大高階思維:
事實(shí)和觀點(diǎn);
歸納;
因果。
這三種思維具體到每個(gè)語(yǔ)篇,都需要我們進(jìn)行可以訓(xùn)練,而非一日之功。